Thursday, November 28, 2019

Langston Hughes Essays (2254 words) - Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes "Hughes' efforts to create a poetry that truly evoked the spirit of Black America involved a resolution of conflicts centering around the problem of identity" (Smith 358). No African American poet, writer, and novelist has ever been appreciated by every ethnic society as much as Langston Hughes was. Critics argue that Hughes reached that level of prominence, because all his works reflected on his life's experience, whether they have been good or bad. He never wrote one single literary piece that did not contain an underlying message within the specific work; in other words, all his works had a definite purpose behind them. Providing that the reader has some insight about the life of this great poet, he can readily arrive to the conclusion that Hughes' life effected his works to the fullest extent, even when only breezing through Langston Hughes' works. Langston Hughes, "one of the most original and versatile of twentieth-century black writers" (Shirley 1), was born on February 1st, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. When Hughes was still a baby, his father, James Nathaniel Hughes, abandoned the family and left for Mexico. As soon as she divorced her husband, his mother, Carrie Langston Hughes, a schoolteacher struggling to acquire a permanent job position, had to place him under the caring arm of his grandmother, Mary Sampson Patterson Leary. Hughes' grandmother "helped inspire in him a devotion to the cause of social justice" (Rampersad 55), for her first husband died fighting at Harpers Ferry under John Brown, and her second husband became a fierce abolitionist. Being always a lonely child, Hughes turned to reading and poetry early in his life. Developing a great respect for writers like Paul Dunbar and Carl Sandburg, he soon began writing his own poems. Shortly after submitting a few poems to the school's magazine editor, Hughes' poems could be read by everyone at Central High School, a local Cleveland school he was attending. After his graduation, Hughes attempted to peacefully reunite with his father, who was now a wealthy lawyer in Mexico, in order to ask for money so he could pursue a quality post-high school education. After his unsuccessful attempt, Hughes returned to the United States, deciding that his faith will lie only in his hands. On his way back, Hughes wrote one of his most famous poems "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," readily admitting that he wrote the best when he was sad and depressed" (Early 26). In 1921, Hughes spent a year at Columbia University, however, just to find out that he did not make the right choice, for colleges were still discriminating regularly. Looking for jobs, he landed a position as a seaman on the SS Malone that brought him closer to his own race emotionally, by traveling to Africa and Europe. "Although he was almost constantly at sea, his poems got published regularly in African-American magazines such as the Crisis." (Rampersad 118). By this time, Hughes already established himself as the young star of the New Negro Renaissance. As time passed, a young, unskilled, position-seeking Hughes became a bus boy at the prominent Wardman Park Hotel in Washington D.C.. After Vachel Lindsay recited three of his poems, which Hughes intentionally left by Vachel's plate, he received slight attention from different publishers. When Hughes won his first poetry award in 1925 through a contest by a journal called Negro Life, his award winning poem got him further recognition, that would eventually lead to his first book, The Weary Blues. Soon enough, "through his poetry, from a kind and generous woman who had shown interest in his work, came a scholarship" (Smith 359). Four years later, in 1929, Hughes graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania with a B.A.. Never even thinking about his young age, other authors selected Hughes to become the leader of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary circle of black writers focusing on the social problems blacks had to endure. Along with writers like Countee Cullen, Wallace Thurman and others, he struggled to prove that the great spirit or skill of writing tremendous pieces of literature lies within the white and the black mind and body. When jazz stepped into the picture, being the most popular music of that time, Hughes effectively turned a bit more toward jazz, writing his poems in a distinctive rhythm and beat. "I can not recall the name of one single person, who at the age of twenty-seven, has enjoyed so picturesque and rambling existence as Langston Hughes" (Smith 363). Hughes also started writing short novels, plays and songs. His play The Mulatto,

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on The Saints And The Roughnecks

The saints and the roughnecks One of the most interesting theories that are on connection to this article is the labeling theory. This theory states that people tend to focus more on a label that a person has rather than the people themselves. It also states that the labeling becomes a part of the entire self-concept. If a person thinks that they are a saint or a roughneck they will expect to be treated that way. If a society or a town for instance sees you as a liar, they will wonder if you are telling the truth every time they are talking to you. According to this theory the saints and roughnecks paths we already laid out for them to take. Just because of their label they were able to get into, or out of trouble more easily or not. The differential association theory states that people learn deviance from society. It also states that you learn your boundaries. In this article the saints knew that they were thought of as saints and therefore figured out just what they could and could not get away with. The roughnecks, however, learned to deviate because of their label. The roughnecks knew that they were always looked at as the wrong- doers, so they learned to deviate. In this theory it states that there are possibly subcultures that teach deviance. In this article they subcultures were the saints and the roughnecks. Both of these groups had to learn how to deviate, just on different levels. There is a mention in the book about bureaucracies. Bureaucracies are defined as a formal organization with a higher form of authority, a clear division of labor and rules. In this article both of the groups were part of individual bureaucracies. The saints of one, who was assumed by all to follow all the rules, do what they are told and respect authority. The roughnecks were of one whom all assumed did not follow the rules, did not respect authority figures and were a nuisance to society. This article is completely true. In high school I... Free Essays on The Saints And The Roughnecks Free Essays on The Saints And The Roughnecks The saints and the roughnecks One of the most interesting theories that are on connection to this article is the labeling theory. This theory states that people tend to focus more on a label that a person has rather than the people themselves. It also states that the labeling becomes a part of the entire self-concept. If a person thinks that they are a saint or a roughneck they will expect to be treated that way. If a society or a town for instance sees you as a liar, they will wonder if you are telling the truth every time they are talking to you. According to this theory the saints and roughnecks paths we already laid out for them to take. Just because of their label they were able to get into, or out of trouble more easily or not. The differential association theory states that people learn deviance from society. It also states that you learn your boundaries. In this article the saints knew that they were thought of as saints and therefore figured out just what they could and could not get away with. The roughnecks, however, learned to deviate because of their label. The roughnecks knew that they were always looked at as the wrong- doers, so they learned to deviate. In this theory it states that there are possibly subcultures that teach deviance. In this article they subcultures were the saints and the roughnecks. Both of these groups had to learn how to deviate, just on different levels. There is a mention in the book about bureaucracies. Bureaucracies are defined as a formal organization with a higher form of authority, a clear division of labor and rules. In this article both of the groups were part of individual bureaucracies. The saints of one, who was assumed by all to follow all the rules, do what they are told and respect authority. The roughnecks were of one whom all assumed did not follow the rules, did not respect authority figures and were a nuisance to society. This article is completely true. In high school I...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Ecosystems and How They Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ecosystems and How They Work - Assignment Example Disturbances in forest influence the rate of recovery. Several studies show that the characteristics of this ecosystem influence the rate of recovery. Even though no one theory can explain all factors able to control succession, some variables appear to be more important compared to others (Wright, 2009). Introduction An ecosystem is a group of organisms living together, interacting with each other and with their surrounding (eoearth.org). It consists of two basic components namely, abiotic and biotic components. The relationship between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem is known as holocoenosis (Fisher al et, 2009.They are different types of ecosystem; tropical rainforest, grassland, coral reef, estuary, desert among others. Here, the forces will is on tropical rainforest. Ecosystem has four basic functions; regulatory functions, habitat functions, production functions and information functions. Tropical rainforest A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem type that occurs a pproximately within the latitudes 28 degrees north/south of the equator. Tropical rainforests ecosystem experiences a significant amount of rainfall and high average temperatures. These rainforests can be found in Australia, Asia Africa, Central America, South America, Mexico and on many of the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean islands. The classification within the World Wildlife Fund’s biome describes tropical rainforests as a type of tropical wet forest or tropical moist broadleaf forest. They also referred to it as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest. Generally, tropical rainforest biome consists; lowland equatorial evergreen rain forest, montane rain forest, flooded forest and moist deciduous and semi evergreen seasonal forest. An example of montane rainforest is the Sierra Nevada of California (WWF). Every ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic factors; therefore, montane rainforest has both biotic and abiotic ecosystem. Generally, abiotic components include th e non-living, physical-chemical factors such as water, air, and soil among other basic elements and compounds of the environment. These abiotic factors are broadly classified  into three categories climatic factors, edaphic factors and inorganic substances. Climatic factors in Sierra Nevada are influenced by the Mediterranean climate of California. During the fall, spring and winter, haste in the area averages from 510 to 2,000 mm where it takes place mostly as snow over 1,800  m. Furthermore, summers are dry with low humidity; however, afternoon thunderstorms are usual, specifically during the North American Monsoon. Also, summer high temperatures average 6–32  Ã‚ °C. Moreover, the growing season takes 20 to 230 days, depending strongly on elevation (WWF). An alpine climate experienced in the highest elevations of the Sierra. Consequently, the steepness of the Sierra Escarpment and the height of the range, specifically at the southern end of the range bring forth a win d development referred as the "Sierra Rotor". In addition, this is a horizontal rotation of the atmosphere ,precisely east of the crest of the Sierras, set in movement as a result of strong westerly winds (Fisher et al, 2009). Edaphic factors in Sierra Nevada include; granite which is mostly found east of the crest and north of 37.2 °N. Apparently, most soils in the tropical rain forests are characterized by significant poor nutrients and leaching and; however there are fertile soils contained

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Educational Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Educational Philosophy - Research Paper Example In my opinion, this transformation requires a systematic and organized development of the individual’s cognitive abilities as reflected in the acquisition of knowledge and skills in a manner that is consistent with the needs of the individuals and the society. On this score, it might be argued that education provides the compass that determines the destiny of both man and society. According to some educational philosophers, the precise value of education could be seen in clearer light from the imagination of a life without it. A barbaric society that lacks any organized system of education will ultimately push itself on the precipice of extinction. I think this is because such a society will lack an organized system that supplies and controls the development of knowledge and skills necessary for its own survival. The knowledge and skills that are supplied, developed, and organized within the profession of education are resourceful in management of the economic, social, and pol itical systems of the society. In this sense, it might be emphasized that the entire welfare of the society hinges on the profession of education (Matthews, 2005). In my consideration, this point brings out the utilitarian aspect of education as understood within the framework of skills and knowledge development. It lies within the profession of education to harness, organize, and disseminate knowledge and skills that are necessary for the general survival and progress of the society. Education does not occur in a spontaneous manner. It grows in sequence and in a longitudinal order, which entails the aspect of progress. It is also important to consider the value of education in terms of the combined effects of its impacts on the various disciplines that form the block of knowledge. An important consideration of the value of the education profession lies in the training of teachers. Teachers are the backbones that determine the manner in which knowledge and skills are developed and d isseminated to the general society. My approach to my learners would be consistent with the philosophy that knowledge is a participatory process. In line with this philosophy, I would seek ways that would harmonize relationships between my learners and me. I would wish to be regarded more as a partner in the learning process rather than an authoritative instructor. The classroom should not be a space for the transfer of authority from the teacher to the student but rather a conducive atmosphere that allows for the free flow of information from various sources (Hille, 2011; Marca, 2010). I would adopt an easy and relaxed approach, which would encourage the students to participate freely in the learning process. My goal would be to develop confidence in my students. Only by gaining their confidence will it be easy to condition their minds into the freedom of thought that is necessary in the general process of knowledge development. Studies have established that the development of the cognitive abilities of the students is largely dependent on the kind of learning atmosphere. The studies have argued that the creation of an appropriate mental atmosphere lies with the teacher. In the course of learning, teachers should strive to create atmospheres that the kind of environment that fosters the flourishing of interpersonal communication. This kind of communication should take place between the learners and the teacher and amongst the students. Studies

Monday, November 18, 2019

HR1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

HR1 - Essay Example The recruitment policies, training and development, reward management, performance management and employee involvement in Nando’s are centered upon in order to recommend appropriate HRM strategies (Carpenter, Sanders and Gregersen, 2001). Moreover, the host country’s economic drivers, the organizational issues, cultural issues also effect effective strategy implementation. Various models have been implemented for evaluation of international business environment in China. By examining all these factors, the HRM strategy is linked with the overall business strategy of Nando’s. After a detailed analysis appropriate recommendations are provided to Nando’s that will support the strategic human resource plan of the company for establishing joint venture with Tricon Global Restaurant, Inc. in China. The renowned chicken chain Nando’s has expanded their business further across the country in the past few years with increasing revenues. Nando’s international is a fast food chain first created in South Africa, had a rapid development worldwide but was not successful everywhere (Datta, Guthrie and Wright, 2005). In a continuous complex trading environment, the company has been performing satisfactorily. Despite of its long success history the company is facing expansion problems and are striving to overcome them. The organization has decided to expand its business through joint venture and which will require more staff to be hired. In their recruitment process, Nando’s face challenges that their new staff may not have any experience of working as a family and may lack commitment to their tasks. Proper training and human resourse management is crucial to effective manage their culturally diverse employees. South Africa which is the parent location of Nandos is f acing an economic downturn (Wright, Dunford and Snell, 2001). The recent phase of capitalism that can be referred to as globalization has a complex impact on

Friday, November 15, 2019

Research on Altered Granites

Research on Altered Granites Visible yellow radial U- minerals (up to 1 % U )was recorded coating the fractures in the sheared granites, border on the two sides by milky quartz veins, which play as septa for U- minerals migration. From the mineralogical point of view, the sheared granite rich in; a) uranium (meta-autunite, kasolite and phurcalite) , b) thorium (uranothorite) and c) base metals (wolframite, columbite, fergusonite and Plumbopyrochlore minerals) in addition to zircon, allanite, rutile, fluorite, fluro-apatite, phlogopite and iron oxide minerals (hematite, ilmenite, goethite and magnetite )(Table.1).Meta-autunite occurs as lemon-yellow to greenish yellow, subhedral crystals formed as dehydration pseudomorphs after autunite (Fig,6a) and usually associated with kasolite. Phurcalite occurs as light brown subhedral to anhedral crystals of calcium uranium phosphate (Fig,6b) and usually associated with iron oxides. The altered granites are enriched in most major oxides (Fe2O3, Tio2, ,Mn, Mg, CaO and P2O5,) except SiO2 and Na2O than fresh granites (Fig.7) manifesting ferrugination, calcification ,desilicification and illitization .Also the fresh granites are depleted in most trace elements (Ni, Cr, Sr, Zr, Y, Ga, Zn, Pb, and Cu) except Nb than altered ones. Based on major element data, the main characteristic features of the studied altered granites are higher in Fe/Mg ratio (15 av.), lower in SiO2(av.52.8 %)andNa2O /K2O ( av.0.16) than fresh granites Table 2 ) . Fig. 6: Photomicrographs showing; a) meta-autunite crystal surrounded by phurcalite mineral in altered granites. C.N., X=40 and b) phurcalite mineral associated with iron oxide in altered granites. C.N., X=40. Table (1): Shows the result of minerals occurrences in the study area. Minerals group Rock types Minerals Uranium minerals Altered granite Meta-autunite, Phurcalite and Kasolite Thorium minerals Uranothorite Base Metals Altered granite Wolframite Black Jasper Cassiterite, Wolframite, Zincite, Ni-chromite and Cr-spinel Red Jasper Ni-Chromite and Cr-spinel Milky quartz Galena, Pyrite, pyrrhotite and Sphalerite Copper Minerals Milky quartz covellite, bornite Red Jasper crysocolla Black Jasper Atacamite, Paratacamite, and cuprite Native minerals Black Jasper and Milky quartz Gold and Nickel Nb-Ta minerals Altered granites Plumbopyrochlore, Columbite and Fergusonite REEs-Bearing Minerals Alkali feldspar granites Zircon, Fluorite syenogranites Zircon, allanite Altered granites Zircon, Allanite, Rutile and Fluorite Stream sediments Zircon, Monazite Black Jasper Xenotime Red Jasper Iron Minerals Altered granites Hematite, Ilmenite, Goethite and Magnetite Black Jasper Hematite, Magnetite Red Jasper Hematite, Magnetite and Goethite Milky quartz Hematite Fig.( 7 ) The enrichment and depletion of major oxides and trace elements of altered granites to the fresh granites samples. Fig.( 8 ) Bar- diagram showing the trace elements distribution of red and black jasper. The content of HFSE in both fresh and altered granites (Nb (36-10 ppm), Zr (316- 759 ppm), Y(69- 220 ppm) ,U (8-ppm) respectively as well as low Rb/Sr ratio (1.04-0.45) and K/ Rb ratio (0.03-0.04) (Table 2) suggest that the fresh granites are primarily derived from felsic source .On the other side, these criteria in the altered granites are critical for uranium exploration . The black jasper more richer than red one in Ni (av.1004 -81ppm),Cr(av.8575 -853ppm),Zn (av.144 -80 ppm), Cu(av.1106- 35 ppm), Co(av.371-0.0 ppm), Au(1.04 -0.5 ppm) and U(40- 8800ppm)respectively (Table 2,Fig.8 ). The latest event invades the WNW-ESE shear zone was the intrusion of silica and jasper veins with different magnitude. The excess of released quartz can migrate as colloidal silica to precipitate later in the tension fractures as jasperoid vein at upper structural levels under low temperature condition .Silicification along the main shear zone has a noticeable amount of liberated secondary silica occurs as fine crystals associated with the large primary quartz crystals and characterized by the existence of three generations of silica veins differ in color, mineralization and age. 1)The milky quartz veins are the first phase (the youngest one), mainly barren, running WNW and dipping 70 °/ SSW direction, highly brecciated (2-5 Km in length, 0.25-3 m in width)and common only at the southern border of the shear zone. 2) The red jasper veins(second phase) have E-W ,WNW,NW and NE trends (Fig.5), dipping 50-75/N or S , 45 °/ SSW, SW and SE direction respectively. They fractured, fragmented, discontinuous, brecciated,(7km in length, 0.30-3 m in width) and rich in Cr, , Ni, Sn, Zn and Cu- mineralization (Fig.6) (some parts of red jasper are rich by vugs (physical tap) that are filled by mineralization. These veins exhibit combinations of more than one style; orbicular and brecciated. Brecciated red jasper (Plate 4.a) can vary from soft swirls of color to dramatically fragmented shades of rich brown, brick red and cream colors. Deeply integrated colors come from organic materials and iron oxides imbedded in the stones. Ore microscopic investigation reveals that; quartz crystals occur as anhedral cryptocrystalline associated and stained by iron oxide. Sometimes cryptocrystalline crystals of amorphous silica form banding. Iron oxide occurs as black crystalline minerals and staining of quartz. 3) The black jasper(oldest one) is represented by 1.8 km in length, 0.5-10 m in width, trending N45 °W ,dipping 50 °-65 ° /SW (Figs.5), and rich in Cr, Ni, Cu and Au mineralization, Fig.7).They are concentrated only in the eastern part of G. Um Bakra shear zone and less abundant in length than milky and red veins. The black jasper are vuggy than milky and red silica veins and these vugs filled by calcite minerals. The apical parts of the veins are intensely weathered, oxidized, brecciated fragments (Plate.4b) and decomposed to forming gossans. Petrographically, quartz occurs as cryptocrystalline and polycrystalline forming spherulitic texture and associated with iron oxide. Iron oxide associated with quartz and sometimes forming network or needle (Plate .4c). Cr- spinel with blood red color was observed and having darker boundaries with quartz (Plate.4d).Ore microscopic study reveals the presence of gold, chromite and magnetite minerals. Fire assay for gold content give 1.04 g/ton .Chromite occurs as anhedral crystal associated with magnetite (Plate.4e). Chromite existed in different forms; zoned veinlet or disseminated specks (Plate. 4 fg). Black minerals filling fracture and associated with quartz (Plate.4h) . Fig. (6): showing different types of copper minerals in red and black jasper ,a) atacamite mineral, b) paratacamite mineral, c) cuprite mineral and d) crysocolla mineral . Fig. (7): Photograph showing copper minerals from black jasper of the study area. Alterations Two phases of hydrothermal alterations; acid and alkaline were distinguished in the shear zone resulting in Kaolinization and ferrugination processes as illustrated below: Kaolinization indicates that the rocks were affected by acidic solution with low temperature varying from 200 to 250  °C (Helgeston 1974). Kaolinitization process causes an increase in alumina (18.2%) at the expense of the other major oxides (Table2).Kaolinization affects sheared granites in the shear zone are characterized by the formation of clay minerals and adsorbed secondary U- minerals( meta-autunite, Kasolite and Phurcalite) (Table1). Acidic alteration of biotite produces illite+quartz ,while magnesium, iron, oxygen, and fluorine are dissolved in hydrothermal fluids (Pirajno,1992). These solution caused the alteration of the feldspars and micas to clay minerals (Fig.8) are produced by an acidic fluid and it liberates silica and K+ according to Pirajno,(1992). Similarly, the anorthite component of plagioclase is transformed to (clay minerals) (Hemley and Jones, 1964; Pirajno1992) and frees Ca2+ ions transported also by the hydrothermal solution. The free Al+3 increase the alumina in the clay mineral. This kind of alteration by acid solution is responsible for transported and redeposited uranium and base metals mineralization in WNW-ESE shear zone which acts as a good trap. carbonitization:The common presence of calcite manifesting carbonitization process along the shear zone (Fig.8).Also both of ultramafic -mafic rocks and intrusive gabbros are rich by carbonate minerals. Ferrugination causes increase in total Fe2O3 content (FeOt= 4.7%. to 32.7%) at the expense of other oxides. The strong alkaline solution may precipitate Fe+3 and U+6 within the shear zones in the form of iron oxy-hydroxides rich in uranium (Cuney, et al., 1984). Sheared granite samples stained by Fe oxides adsorb U minerals at the main shear zone. Ferrugination is represented mainly by hematite and goethite minerals (table1, Fig.9).Oxygen may combine with iron to produce hematite forming hematitic alteration. Plate 4: Photomicrographs showing; a) brecciated red jasper vein, C.N., X=40., b ) brecciated black jasper vein with vugs, c) black silica vein showing hematitization in quartz, iron oxide occurs as needles in quartz. C.N., X=40, d) blood red, Cr spinel having darker boundaries in BJV (PPL), X=20., e) chromite (cr) in rim and magnetite (mag) in core in BJV. X =40, f) veinlet of chromite and groundmass of magnetite in BJV. X=40, g) disseminated specks of chromite in BJV. X= 40, h) red jasper vein showing iron oxide present as black crystalline minerals and staining of quartz. C.N., X=20 fluoritization :Fluorite was emplaced through the fractures and fissures in altered granite along the shear zone. The released 3Ca2+and 6 Fà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ during illitization of the anorthite and biotite may combine together forming fluorite which is observed within the shear zone associate with U- minerals. Acknowledgements Our sincere thanks and gratitude should be provided to Dr.I, Hassan and Dr.W. El-Gazlawy, NMA, for their help during field work. Discussion Conclusion 1-To form a hydrothermal deposit in Um Bakra- Um Samra WNW-ESE shear zone requires: (1) a magma source of fluid, (2) dissolved metals in the magmatic fluids, , (3) heat source and activate tectonic, causes the migration of à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uid and (4) Presence of channel ways, layering and physical cavities, to precipitates the metals or minerals. 2-G. Um Samra -G. Um Bakra shear zone strikes N-80 ° and dipping 45 ° /SSW and ranges from 30 to 500 m in thickness and extends 10 km in length. The host rock (syenogranites)is highly altered, fine -grained,ferruginous ,reddish pink and grayish pink to grayish in color. Two opposite N-S strike-slip faults and NNE and NNW strike-slip faults dextral and sinistral sense of movement(good channel ways) forming grabben and horst structures respectively (6 km in length, 30 m in width, dipping 10 °-20 ° towards E or W) cut the shear zone. 3-Three generations of silica veins differ in color, mineralization and age are common. The first phase (youngest),is barren milky quartz veins, running WNW and dipping 70 °/ SSW direction , highly brecciated (2-5 Km in length, 0.25-3 m in width. The red jasper(second phase) has N 60 °-76 ° W trend, dipping 45 °/ SSW direction, fractured, fragmented, discontinuous, brecciated, (7km in length, 0.30-3 m in width) and rich in Cr, Ni, Sn, Zn and Cu- mineralization) .The third phase (oldest one) is represented by black jasper (1.8 km in length, 0.5-10 m in width, trends N75W ,dipping 50 °-65 ° /SSW and rich in Cr, Ni, and Au mineralization). 4-The black jasper more richer than red one in Ni (av.1004 -81ppm),Cr(av.8575 -853ppm),Zn (av.144 -80 ppm), Cu(av.1106- 35 ppm), Co(av.371-0.0 ppm), Au(1.4 -0.5 ppm) and U(av, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.ppm)respectively (Table ). 5-The presence of clay mineral (dickite:Al2Si2O5(OH)4) in quartz and jasper veins indicates a temperature environment higher than 200 °C. The mixing of volatile fluids with meteoric water and fluid- wall rock interaction result in changes in pH and oxygen activity and deposition of base metals. 6- Precipitation of hematite in shear zone and red jasper veins probably decreased the pH of the solution and rising acidic fluids. The sudden change in the pH and temperature of the fluids will lead to destabilization of base metal complexes favouring their deposition (Alexandrov et al., 1985). 7-The cooling of the hydrothermal solution decreases the solubility of the metals. Cooling can take place when hot magmatic à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uids enter cooler wall rocks or when two à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uids mix, Similar reactions can take place between hydrothermal solutions and wall rock; a solution containing dissolved sulà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ de might contact a rock containing magnetite, to convert the magnetite to pyrite by a process called sulà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ dation.Or, a solution containing Cu might react with a rock containing pyrite to form Cu sulà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ des. 8- The base metals mineralization are accumulate in the residual melt of the late fractionate alkali feldspar granites (Bright, 1974) especially upward in the magmatic system (Smith,1979). During the emplacement of the basic and intermediate dikes (olivine basalt, andesite and dolerite dikes) which accompanied with high temperature and Co2), the base metals(galena, pyrite, sphalerite and cassiterite) were precipitated from saline and reduced fluids as sulfides due to cooling, fluid mixing and wall rock reaction. 9-The banded texture in jasper veins is common in epithermal base metals, indicating of boiling event and rapid deposition (Hedenquist et al.,1995).Most epithermal deposits consist of numerous separate, largely vertical veins that form a conjugate set, sometimes reà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ecting regional tectonic stress. Low-temperature hydrothermal solutions ( 10- The non-sulfide ore deposits are classified into two major types; supergene and hypogene deposits (Hitzman et. al., 2003). (a) Supergene deposits form primarily from the oxidation of sulfide-bearing deposits and are formed principally zinc carbonate or silicates, and (b) hypogene deposits consist dominantly of zinc silicates and oxides, and they commonly result from mixing of a reduced, Zn-rich, with an oxidized, sulfur-poor fluid. Um Bakra-Um Samra shear zone containing zinc oxides (hypogene deposits). 11-Pyrite presents in two generations, disseminated and along fractures. The occurrence of covellite, bornite and magnetite are related to the oxidation product of disseminated pyrite, whereas the second type of pyrite transformed into pyrrhotite. 12-The chloritization process is the last phase of alteration in the shear zone, where fluids became rich in Mg/Fe most probably due to the decomposition of ferromagnesian minerals from the basic and intermediate dikes. Fig.( 8) :Showing Kaolinization map for Um Bakra -Um Samra area. Fig.( 9) showing ferrugination map for Um Bakra -Um Samra area. Table ( 2 ) chemical analysis of major oxides and trace elements of Um Samra-Um Bakra area. Trace elements (ppm) Fresh Altered Red Black Ni Range 0.0-55 0-18095 0-409 314-1501 Average 10 2322 81 1004 Cr Range 233-485 113-2409 294-2689 3490-12898 Average 296 798 853 8575 Rb Range 83-210 0-392 0.0-1161 0.0 Average 147. 128 289 0.0 Sr Range 17-507 73-58 8-127 0-17 Average 142 278 74 7 Zr Range 89-659 196-1873 0-466 0.0 Average 316 759 238 0.0 Y Range 16-102 84-512 0-79 0-142 Average 69 220 38 77 Nb Range 14-56 0-62 0-35 0.0 Average 36 10 11 0.0 Ga Range 22-45 0-151 0-59 0.0 Average 32 73 24 0.0 Zn Range 16-145 0-2409 32-169 56-281 Average 78 528 80 144 Pb Range 0-52 0-684 0-173 0.0 Average 16 157 45 0.0 Cu Range 0-32 0-210 0-80 431-2045 Average 4 26 35 1107 Co Range 0.0 0.0 0.0 0-558 Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 371 Mo Range 0.0 0.0 0-127 0.0 Average 0.0 0.0 25 0.0 As Range 0.0 0.0 0-2098 0.0 Average 0.0 0.0 419 0.0 U Range 0.0 0-7640 0.0 0.0 Average 0.0 1749 0.0 0.0 Major oxides % Fresh Altered Red Black SiO2 Range 69.22-75.33 23.14-72.09 70.3-92.53 72.93-91.27 Average 72.9 52.8 84.2 82.7 TiO2 Range 0.01-0.29 0.28-2.46 0.01-0.22 0.0 Average 0.2 1.08 0.2 0.0 Al2O3 Range 12.35-15.4 10.37-18.02 0.69-14.85 0.69 Average 13.7 12.7 6.8 0.8 Fe2O3 Range 0.08-2.91 2.10-45-77 1.39-4.97 4.46-22.54 Average 1.9 19.8 3.4 13.4 MnO Range 0-0.08 0-0.75 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.04 Average 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.03 MgO Range 0.13-0.65 0.24-7.23 0.29-1.75 0.19-0.60 Average 0.31 1.32 0.806 0.442 CaO Range 0.45-2.55 1.26-4.4 0.31-0.76 0.01-1.74 Average 1.1 2.6 0.6 0.5 Na2O Range 3.15-4.34 0.12-3.34 0.05-2.2 0.05-0.12 Average 3.7 0.8 0.6 0.08 K2O Range 4-6.70 1.84-7.78 0.1-6.96 0.04-0.09 Average 5 5 3 0.06 P2O5 Range 0.020.16 0.01-1.23 0.07-0.48 0.02-0.04 Average 0.08 0.39 0.224 0.032 L.O.I. Range 0.04-0.85 0.8-2.80 Average 0.31 1.43 Total Range 99.73-99.9 93.22-99.91 99.36-99.92 97.45-99.01 Average 100 98.42 99.7 98.288 References Abdalla, H. M., Matsueda, H., Obeid, M., A. and Takahashi., R., (2008): Chemistry of cassiterite in rare metal granitoids and the associated rocks in Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of Mineralogical and petrological sciences, 103, 318-326. Abdalla, H. M. and Mohamed, F. H., (1999): Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of emerald and beryl mineralization, Pan-African Belt of Egypt genetic and exploration aspects: J. Afr Earth Sci, 28,3, 581-598. Bakhit, F.S., 1978 geology and radioactive mineralization of Gabal El-Missikat area,Eastern Desert of Egypt, A.R.E. Ph.D. thesis, Fac. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt, 289 p. Bakhit, F.S., and Meleik, M.L.,1990. Application of autocorrelation function to structural lineaments in radioactive sample area in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Int. G. Remote Sensing, 11, No. 10,1919. El Ramly, M.F. (1972): A new geological map for the basement rocks rocks in the South Western Desert of Egypt. Ann. Geol. Surv. Egypt.2, 1-18. Gharieb A.G.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Antigone Essay -- Greek, Sophocles

I. SUBJECT Antigone is a play about a woman who disobeyed the King's order to not bury her brother. The play was written by the famous Greek tragedian, Sophocles, in 441 B.C. The story took place in the city of Thebes and the time period is not mentioned. The main characters introduced in the play are of Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon. The primary focus was centered on Antigone and the consequences she faces after breaking the King's orders. In the beginning, the author introduced Antigone and her sister, Ismene, and their argument about their recently deceased brother. The argument involved Antigone wanting to bury her brother and Ismene encouraging her to obey the King's orders. Antigone ignored her sister's advice and chose to disobey the King by burying her brother. The King learned of Antigone's actions and sentenced her to death. After listening to his people he lessened her sentence to spend the rest of her life in an isolated cave. With the advice of a trusted prophet, he once again changes his perspective and decides to set Antigone free. However, he arrived at the cave and was shocked to see that Antigone had hanged herself. The situation caused chaos among the people in Thebes. Antigone's death greatly affected the lives of many other people. The King's son kills himself after seeing Antigone, his soon-to-be bride. In addition to his son‘s suicide, the King's wife learned the news about her son and ended her own life. The King is directly responsible for all the lost lives and heartbroken people, when he put his royal word above the word of the gods. II. THEME The theme of Antigone is that when the law of the state is put above the religious law, it can corrupt and disfigure the minds of mankind. Th... ...tigone is between the two mindsets of the two conflicting characters. Sophocles bases Antigone on his standpoint about the argument of the man-made law against the religious law. The conflict between the two opposing characters creates drama throughout the story. Antigone could also be referred to as a tragedy sub-genre. Tragedy "recounts casually related series of events in the life of a person of significance, culminating in an unhappy catastrophe, the whole treated with dignity and seriousness" (554). Antigone is one of Sophocles' many famous tragedies. It is centered around the tragic outcome that may take place in the occurrence of being prideful. Sophocles portrays that pride can result in tragedy and in disaster. In the story, Creon is prideful as his position of King and he ultimately brings his city to ruins. "Tragedy" played a major role in the story.